What is Greek Mythology?

What is Greek Mythology? Greek mythology represents the corpus of myths originally attempted by ancient Greeks and the species of ancient Greek folklore, which today is as little as possible inserted with Roman mythologies into the broad category of classical mythologies. These narratives are about the ancient Greek religion’s fidelity to the origin and character of the world; the narratives of gods, heroes, and mythological beings; as well as religious practices of the ancient Greeks. The present pundits investigate the myths to comprehend the religious these two ancient Greek institutions and the political ones, and to thicken the myth theory of the particular self. The Greek myths were initially circulated by Minoan and Mycenaean singers of the 18th century BC, and later the myths of Trojan War became part of the oral tradition of Homer’s two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Near Homer’s age there were also two poems Keep to himself, Theogony and Works and Days which are the stories of the creation, divine rules, age of human being, reason of human’s woes and first forms of sacrifice. The Homeric Hymns, the Epic Cycle’s epic poems (though only in fragments), the lyric poems, the tragedies and comedies of the fifth century BC, the writings of the scholars and poets of the Hellenistic Age, and the texts from the time of the Roman Empire from the authors such as Plutarch and Pausanias make it even more. Myths are also preserved in the Homeric Hymns, in fragments of epic poems of the Epic Cycle, in lyric poems, in the works of the tragedians and comedians of the fifth century BC, in writings of scholars and poets of the Hellenistic Age and in texts from the time of the Roman Empire by writers such as Plutarch and Pausanias. On the other side of the coin, we see the proof that ancient Greeks, in addition to narrative deposits, were involved in depicting the gods, heroes, and mythic episodes through the decoration of votive gifts and many other artifacts. It is quite interesting that geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC tell about the Epic Cycle and also about the adventures of Heracles. In the following Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes occur, which are corroborating the literary evidence that already exists. It is a well-known fact that Greek mythology played a crucial role in the establishment of Western culture, art, and literature, and it is still an integral part of Western heritage and language. It is magnificent that the poets and artists all the way from the ancient days until the present time have been deriving inspiration from the Greek mythology and have been finding contemporary significance and relevance in the themes. Sources of Greek Mythology An opinion that is predominant today is that the majority of our knowledge concerning Greek mythology has been derived from the existing Greek literature and visual materials that date back to the Geometric period, from c. 900 BC to c. 800 BC and further.  As it turns out, carefully also literary and archaeological tools, connect these sometimes even supplementing each other, and sometimes in conflict; nevertheless series of facts quite often show that some elements of Greek mythology have a significant historical and real basis. Literary sources of Greek Mythology Nearly all types of ancient Greek literature are in existence due to the usage of a mythological story as the foundation which plays an important role. However, one of the few general mythographies and mythologies which has been handed down to us from classical antiquity is The Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus. This work tries to harmonize the conflicting versions in the poems and gives a general picture of traditional Greek mythology including the legendary heroes on the other side of the conflict.  Apollodorus from the time of Athens between about 180 and 125 BC wrote other works on these topics as well. Although the complete work is the compilation of Apollodorus’s writing, at least, because the “Library” cover events from the time after the end of his life, therefore, some parts of his name contain the word “Pseudo”. The oldest known writer sources are Homer’s two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, written around 800 B.C. Such important and great works definitely deserved to find their way to the future through centuries. Homer‘s works of epic poetry never pretentious but profoundly mighty, were the first souls to explore the worlds of eternity, ugly, and war. The poetic atmosphere of the “Homeric hymns” is rather a topic of controversy because of their ancient origins which have been partially erased from history. The earliest are choral hymns from the early days of the so-called Lyric age.  Homer, a contemporary of Hesiod, analyzes the creation of the universe, the identity of the gods, Titans, and Giants, and the endless stories of their families and races in his Theogony (Origin of the Gods). Hesiod’s Works and Days, a didactic poem about the life of farming, also contains the mythologies of Prometheus, Pandora, and the Five Ages. The poet teaches the reader how to have potential and the best ways of getting it in a world dangerous because of its gods. Although lyrical poets had often referred to myths, the stories changed over a period of time from a narrative to a more allusive kind. Greek lyric poets, such as Pindar, Bacchylides, and Simonides, and bucolic poets like Theocritus and Bion, tell about individual myths separately . On top of that, myth formed the core of ancient Athenian drama. Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, the authors of tragedies, used most of their routines based on the myths of the heroic era and the Trojan War. Many of the great tragic stories (eg Agamemnon and his children, Oedipus, Jason, Medea, etc.) took on their classic form in these tragedies. The comic dramatist Aristophanes also made use of myths in The Birds and The Frogs . Historians Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, and geographers Pausanias and Strabo, traveled

Is Greek Mythology Real ?

Is Greek Mythology Real ? Greek mythology, the collection of stories relating to the gods, people, and rituals of the ancient Greeks and Classical antiquity. That the myths had imagination as one of its key elements was admitted by the Greek thinkers who were more perspicacious, such as the philosopher Plato lived in the 5th-4th century BC. but in general, the popular piety of the Greeks perceived the myths as representations of the truth. Greek mythology was later to some extent the reason for the rich impact on the arts and literature of Western civilization that received many of the Greek cultural benefits and thus its successors are of enduring attraction. Even though the people of all ages, parts of civilization, and most countries throughout history have developed myths reflecting natural phenomena, eventful lives of gods and heroes, or sought to legitimize social or political establishments, the Greek myths have no match in the Western world as artistic sources of captivating and inspiring ideas. The relationships of poets and artists from ancient times to now to Greek mythology are basically through myth as the creative story that they have derived their inspiration from and they have established the significance of current events and myths. Sources of Greek mythology and myths: literary and archaeological The Homeric poems: the Iliad and the Odyssey  The 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus had the opinion that Homer and Hesiod introduced the character of the Olympian gods to the local people as they familiar with to the people. Almost no one in the present day would believe that this was literal. In the first book of the Iliad, the son of Zeus and Leto is as instantly identifiable to the Greek reader by his patronymic as are the sons of Atreus (Agamemnon and Menelaus). MUST READ Is Greek Mythology Real ? March 27, 2025 god What is Mythology ? March 27, 2025 god SURYA -GOD OF LIGHT , THE SUN GOD February 8, 2025 Blog Mohenjo-daro reveals the ancient Indus Valley Civilization January 25, 2025 Study Material

What is Mythology ?

What is Mythology? Legends constitute an essential part of each country in the world and are employed to illustrate natural phenomena, the place of origin of a people and the way in which their civilization evolved and the reasons behind the occurrence of things as they do. At a fundamental level, myths  and mythology reassure us by organizing and attributing certain meanings to what can be perceived as tumultuous times. Mythology (from the Greek mythos for the story-of-the-people, and logos for the word or speech, the spoken story of a people) is the study and interpretation of often sacred tales or fables of a culture known as myths or the collection of such stories which deal with various aspects of the human condition: good and evil; the meaning of suffering; human origins; the origin of place-names, animals, cultural values, and traditions; the meaning of life and death; the afterlife; and celestial stories of the gods or a god. Myths express the beliefs and values about these subjects held by a certain culture. Mythology over the centuries has had an important role in all people of the world. Even as far back as pre-historic cave paintings, etchings in stone, tombs, and monuments indicate that, the efforts of human beings to set down their myths in words were already preceded by a belief structure that matches the elements described in a `myth’ as Leach and Fried have defined. In the twentieth century, psychiatrist Carl Jung came up with the fact that myth is an important part of the human psyche that should be recognized as searching for meaning and order in a world that frequently shows itself as chaotic and meaningless. The essence of Jung that can be forever cited is the numinous quality of the mysterious, holy, and powerful which gives the meaning of the mythological stories and themes as the last and total statement of the only available answer to the human existence. The idea of something unlimited and more powerful than oneself gives one the promise of help and guidance in an unstable universe. As per the words of the two authors, the elusive, the sacred, and the powerful are in fact “a concept of the human mind” from the earliest times: the basic psychological reaction to the universe and environment which underlies all religion” What we think of as ‘mythology‘ in present time is a religion given in past times. The ancient mythological tales are the building blocks of an elaborate and powerful religion that was once the property of the people. These stories talk about the mundane in an extraordinary way, and bring about discussions of what the Divine wants for humans. Providing knowledge, peace, and discipline, ancient myths summoned listeners and ensured that they felt part of a larger web of security and spirituality. Types of Myth and Mythology The myth expert Joseph Campbell, known for highlighting the importance of mythology, argues that mythology is the foundation of every society and the basic structure of each individual’s psyche. In his work of genius The Hero with a Thousand Faces, he deals with the “monomyth” which are the common features in the theme, characters, aim, and narrative pattern of myths from various cultures, at various times, all over the world and throughout the history. Mythology not only satisfies and supports its believers but it also displays power that it becomes a bridge and elevates their lives from the ordinary to the eternal sacred realm. In the much plainer aspect, a myth serves as a means to elucidate some natural or supernatural phenomenon, to justify the presence of some very old tradition, or to point out a tomb, spring, or mountain. In other words, a myth can effectively create a new past by turning it into an epic, legendary, and even a supernatural event that not only describe a way of but also provide a role model for an individual in terms of the life journey. Myths mainly fall into major categories like: Etiological Myths Historical Myths Psychological Myths Etiological myths, derived from the Greek aetion meaning `reason’, are those which describe the way something is or how it came to be. This is the phenomenon called the story of the origin. For instance, the sycamore tree in Egyptian mythology was the living place of the Hathor, the Lady of the Sycamore, therefore, it looks the way it does. Meanwhile, in Scandinavian folklore, Thors thunder is considered as the sound of his chariot racing across the sky. Etiological myths are the ones that can provide the explanations to the why the world is as it is; for instance, the story from Greek mythology of Pandora’s Box that explains how evil and suffering was released into the world or for example the one that tells us the Chinese myth of the goddess Nuwa who kept creating human beings until she grew tired and tired and had to establish the marriage that humans could reproduce themselves. In any case, characters of myths are instrumental in conveying particular messages either they are communicating marriage or an epic mission or a decisive battle. MUST READ What is Mythology ? March 27, 2025 god SURYA -GOD OF LIGHT , THE SUN GOD February 8, 2025 Blog Mohenjo-daro reveals the ancient Indus Valley Civilization January 25, 2025 Study Material Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) January 25, 2025 Study Material Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) January 19, 2025 Study Material Free Ancient History Notes for UPSC January 19, 2025 Study Material Indian History -Free UPSC notes January 18, 2025 Study Material Shri Ganesh Chalisa January 16, 2025 god Shri Hanuman Baan January 16, 2025 god Shri Hanuman Chalisa January 16, 2025 god Theological Demons in Hindu Mythology January 15, 2025 demon KUMBH MELA PLACE | KUMBH MELA 2025 DATE January 14, 2025 NEWS UPDATES, travel  Prayagraj Mahakumbh 2025 Live: Akhara seat allotments January 14, 2025 NEWS UPDATES

SURYA -GOD OF LIGHT , THE SUN GOD

SURYA-GOD OF LIGHT, THE SUN GOD The Sun God Surya holds a position of reverence in Hinduism as the origin of life-giving light and cosmic power. Surya God – sun god rides a radiant chariot with seven horses according to Hindu mythology while serving as a key figure in rituals and spiritual practices. The existence of Surya represents more than religious divisions as it stands for life force, insightful wisdom and the perpetual cycle of creation. The Sun God Surya originates from Vedic traditions where his impact extends through art and philosophy as a symbol of the ancient human reverence for the Sun as life’s sustainer. Mythology of Surya Hindu scriptures especially the Rigveda trace Surya’s origins- the sun god’s  origin while honoring him as the entity that eliminates darkness and represents truth. Vedic mythology describes Surya as a progeny of Sage Kashyapa and Aditi which qualifies him as an Aditya among the twelve solar gods. Sanjana, who serves as Surya’s wife and is known as Saranyu the goddess of consciousness, gave birth to Yama the god of death and Shani the god of justice along with Yami. The enthralling myth tells of Sanjana who abandoned Surya after she could not endure his blazing radiance and transformed into a mare. After reducing his brightness to match her level Surya transformed into a horse to reunite with her. The story illustrates Surya’s divine qualities while depicting how immense power can be tempered with kindness. Aruna stands as a crucial figure in Surya’s mythology because he serves as Surya’s charioteer and represents the personification of dawn. The golden chariot of Surya is drawn by seven horses that embody the colors of the spectrum and the days of the week under the guidance of Aruna. Symbolism of Surya Surya embodies more than the solar phenomenon as he stands for our internal light of awareness which leads to spiritual enlightenment and dispels ignorance. The depiction of his shining form with a halo or aureole represents the divine radiance of enlightenment. The seven horses drawing Surya’s chariot represent the seven energy centers in human physiology which emphasizes his connection to spiritual well-being. The iconography of Surya displays him with lotuses in both hands to represent purity alongside the expansion of spiritual awareness. The celestial journey of his golden chariot represents the constant flow of time and the perpetual cycle of the cosmos. Surya represents the Atman or soul that lights up the way toward righteousness and truth. Historicity and Evolution of Surya Worship The worship of Surya originated during the Vedic period when he appeared as one of the primary deities in the Rigveda while receiving praise through multiple hymns for his life-giving powers. Surya maintained a fundamental role in everyday rituals and prayers during this period while representing the universal divine presence.The evolution of Hinduism saw Surya worship diminish because Vishnu, Shiva and Devi-based sects became more prominent. Surya maintained an essential role in areas where local customs integrated solar devotion. Surya worship extended its reach beyond Indian borders by connecting with the sun cults of ancient Iran and Rome which demonstrated a universal cultural respect for solar deities across different civilizations. Rituals and Festivals Associated with Surya Multiple rituals and festivals exist to honor Surya and his life-sustaining power. The daily ritual of Arghya involves offering water to the rising Sun while reciting mantras to show thanks and request blessings. Surya Namaskar, also known as Sun Salutation, merges physical yoga postures and rhythmic breathing patterns to pay tribute to the Sun which supports health and vitality. The energy of Surya holds essential importance within Ayurvedic practices for maintaining bodily equilibrium and promoting health. Major festivals dedicated to Surya include: Chhath Puja: The festival of Chhath Puja which features rigorous rituals, fasting and offerings to both the rising and setting Sun is principally observed in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal.Makar Sankranti: The Sun moves into Capricorn during Makar Sankranti which signifies winter’s end and the beginning of longer daylight hours.Ratha Saptami: Ratha Saptami celebrates Surya’s journey through the sky as he travels across it in his divine chariot. Temples Dedicated to Surya Majestic Surya temples throughout India demonstrate exceptional architectural achievement together with precise astronomical features. The Konark Sun Temple in Odisha stands as a UNESCO World Heritage site because it represents an architectural masterpiece in the form of a gigantic chariot that features detailed carvings of wheels and horses while aligning itself to receive the first sunlight. The Modhera Sun Temple of Gujarat stands as a masterpiece because its structure aligns with the Sun during equinoxes to illuminate the sanctum where the deity resides. Despite its ruined state the Martand Sun Temple in Kashmir stands as a reflection of ancient solar worship’s grandeur. These temples function as sacred spaces and cultural heritage sites that demonstrate ancient India’s sophisticated knowledge of astronomy and geometry together with spiritual symbolism. Reverence in Past and Present Times During ancient times Surya received royal support as kings and emperors built magnificent temples and performed rituals to celebrate his divine power. The practice of solar worship served as a tool for rulers to establish their legitimacy by demonstrating their bond to cosmic order and moral righteousness. Surya worship may not be as widespread today as other deities but remains alive through everyday rituals and celebrations along with yoga’s international growth. Surya holds symbolic power beyond religious constraints by representing universal concepts of illumination, vitality and spiritual enlightenment. The integration of the Sun into holistic health practices together with meditation and environmental awareness demonstrates an enduring human link to solar power. Surya stands as the eternal provider of life force and spiritual light in Hinduism as the Sun God. The impact of Surya extends from Vedic hymns of ancient times to modern yoga practices of today with significant lasting power. Humanity’s ageless worship of the Sun manifests through his mythology and symbolism while sacred rituals and temples demonstrate our collective admiration for this celestial body which evokes awe and

Mohenjo-daro reveals the ancient Indus Valley Civilization

Mohenjo-daro reveals the ancient Indus Valley Civilization The archaeological site of Mohenjo-daro holds World Heritage status from UNESCO and represents one of the most important historical discoveries ever made by humans. The ancient city of Mohenjo-daro situated in present-day Sindh, Pakistan reveals critical information about the sophisticated urban planning and governance system of the Indus Valley Civilization which peaked around 2500 BCE. UPSC aspirants need to study Mohenjo-daro’s history, culture, and society because it appears regularly in both Prelims and Mains exams.  Historical Significance R.D. Banerji discovered Mohenjo-daro in 1922 when it stood as one of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization together with Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira and Kalibangan. The term “Mohenjo-daro” means “Mound of the Dead” which reflects the ancient ruins’ significant historical layers. Experts consider Mohenjo-daro to have been an active metropolis that demonstrated advanced expertise in multiple areas of daily existence. Urban Planning and Architecture   The city of Mohenjo-daro stands out due to its sophisticated system of urban planning. The city planners established a structured grid pattern where streets ran in straight lines intersecting at perpendicular angles. Key architectural highlights include:   The Great Bath: The Great Bath was a rectangular water tank constructed from watertight bricks which served as a ritual bathing facility. The structure demonstrates how their society valued purity rituals and cleanliness practices.  Granary: The existence of expansive storage facilities indicates that this society managed grain storage and distribution through a centralized system.  Drainage System: The city demonstrates advanced engineering skills through its complex drainage system which consists of covered drains and soak pits designed to improve hygiene.  Residential Buildings: The construction of houses from baked bricks included multiple rooms and features like wells and courtyards to emphasize comfort and private living spaces.  Society and Economy The site of Mohenjo-daro reveals its inhabitants lived in a society that maintained organization and equality among its members. Without any grand palaces or massive temples present, the society appears to have been relatively classless. The economic system depended mostly on agricultural activities but also benefited from trade and commercial endeavors. The existence of seals, beads, and pottery demonstrates that there were trading connections between Mohenjo-daro and Mesopotamia along with other distant regions. Art and Culture The objects unearthed at Mohenjo-daro demonstrate a wealthy cultural legacy. Some key findings include:   Seals: These seals which feature animal designs and writing characters were probably employed to facilitate trade and manage administrative tasks.  Dancing Girl Statue: The bronze Dancing Girl Statue of a young woman captured in an impressive pose reveals the artistic mastery of the Indus Valley civilization.  Terracotta Figurines: These terracotta figurines which depict animals as well as humans and deities reveal details about their religious practices and everyday activities.  Decline of Mohenjo-daro Historians continue to debate various theories about why the Indus Valley Civilization and Mohenjo-daro experienced decline. Various theories about Mohenjo-daro’s decline include climate change and river pattern shifts alongside invasions by external groups. The historical impact of Mohenjo-daro persists in shaping modern interpretations of ancient societies even after its decline.  Relevance for UPSC Preparation The topic of Mohenjo-daro stands as a required subject for UPSC candidates studying History and Culture in their syllabus. Here are some tips for effective preparation:   Focus on Key Features: Investigate the urban planning systems and architectural designs of Mohenjo-daro along with its artifacts to gain comprehensive knowledge. Questions often revolve around these aspects.   Comparative Analysis: Analyzing Mohenjo-daro alongside Harappa Dholavira and Lothal reveals regional differences within the Indus Valley Civilization.  Interdisciplinary Approach: The findings from Mohenjo-daro should be connected to geographical themes about climate conditions as well as sociological insights into societal structure and economic analyses of trade practices.  Practice Previous Year Questions: Examine the nature of UPSC exam questions on the Indus Valley Civilization from past years.  Conclusion   The ancient city of Mohenjo-daro demonstrates the creative and robust nature of the Indus Valley Civilization. UPSC candidates who study Mohenjo-daro learn about India’s historical wealth while gaining skills to answer complex interdisciplinary questions. Studying Mohenjo-daro provides civil services examination candidates with fundamental knowledge to master ancient history through comprehensive learning. Table of Contents HOT READS Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) – Duplicate – [#2145] Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) Free Ancient History Notes for UPSC Indian History -Free UPSC notes Shri Ganesh Chalisa Shri Hanuman Baan Shri Hanuman Chalisa Theological Demons in Hindu Mythology KUMBH MELA PLACE | KUMBH MELA 2025 DATE  Prayagraj Mahakumbh 2025 Live: Akhara seat allotments Female Naga Sadhus: Facts About Warriors of Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 Top 10 Must-Visit Ghats at Kumbh 2025 Can Vampires Truly Exist? – Exploring the Myth and Reality The Divine Grace of Tapati: Daughter of the Sun God Zimbabwe vs Afghanistan Live Score, 2nd ODI: ZIM Opt To Field First; Follow Live Scorecard And Commentary From Harare Astrology and Mythology are related ?  Divine Court of Bastar Trials at Bhangaram Devi Temple Trial And Punishment of Deity Muchukunda Gufa Legends of Dwarka Krishna And Mahabharata MAGICAL DWARKA Lord Krishna’s City-Dwarka TALE OF DURGA & SHUMBHA ! 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Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization)

Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) From 2600 BCE until 1900 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization existed in the northwestern areas of the Indian subcontinent. The urban planning and architectural achievements of the Harappan Civilisation stand as one of the most remarkable accomplishments from ancient times. The urban design of their cities demonstrated advanced sophistication since their planning exceeded the standards of their time period. Harappa town pc: google img Features of Town Planning of Harappan Civilization  Architecture of the Harappan Civilization developed independently from external influences. The architectural designs of their civilization emphasized practical functionality instead of aesthetic appeal. Most structures were spacious houses and large-scale public buildings instead of grand palaces or monuments and tombs. In the Harappan civilization the urban planning of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro distinguished these towns from others. Here are the essential features of their urban design: Rectangular grid pattern: The cities in the Indus Valley Civilization followed a grid pattern design which included north-south and east-west streets that established a systematic layout. The city was divided into rectangular blocks because streets and lanes intersected at almost right angles. Narrow lanes extended between the primary street. The common entry point for houses was along the narrow lanes instead of the main thoroughfares. The society of the Harappan Civilisation demonstrated advanced measurement knowledge. Planned streets and alleyways:  In IVC cities the streets and alleys were constructed through precise planning they provided sufficient width for carts and pedestrians while some streets featured covered drains along their sides. The main street measured ten metres in width while dividing the town into rectangular and square blocks. pc: google img Fortification: Fortified mud brick walls surrounded cities which protected against robbers, cattle raiders and floods. Division of cities: City division created two distinct areas which consisted of an elevated citadel with a separate lower city section. Citadel Upper part: Significant structures in these ancient cities were built on an elevated citadel located in their western part. The structures found here consisted of granaries along with administrative buildings and pillared halls as well as courtyards. Essential residential buildings designed for use by either the general public or selected residents were located within the citadel. The cities of Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Kalibangan had citadels constructed on tall mud-brick podiums. Lower part: The lower town with its brick houses where common people lived was situated below the citadel in each city. Material used: Throughout Harappan Civilisation the use of burnt bricks dominated construction projects while stone buildings did not appear. pc: google img Standardized brick size: Builders constructed the houses from mud bricks but used burnt bricks to build the drainages. The Harappan Civilisation built their cities with bricks that followed a standardised size ratio of 1: 2: 4 for thickness:width:length throughout all IVC structures. The uniform brick measurements reveal advanced planning and expert craftsmanship in construction.Bricks used for building houses and city walls shared identical average sizes. Residential areas: Urban areas in the cities were organized into separate residential zones. The construction of multistory houses built from baked bricks demonstrated the advanced development of urban society. Most houses were constructed around central courtyards with some featuring their own wells as well as bathrooms designed for ventilation. Street-facing windows were absent from the buildings while the bathroom walls had tile installations. The Great Bath: The Great Bath exists inside a courtyard space. Stairs lead to upper levels from both northern and southern sides while corridors extend along each of the four sides. Steps ascend to the ground level at both ends. It was well-paved with several adjacent rooms. There were side rooms for changing clothes. The builders installed the bricks to be water-tight and used gypsum mortar for the job. Burnt bricks constructed the floor of the bath. The Great Bath serves a ritual bath purpose which remains essential for religious ceremonies across India. A large well in the neighboring room supplied water to this room while an outlet from the bath’s corner directed flow toward a drain. Example: Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro. Sophisticated drainage systems: The Harappan Civilisation featured a complex drainage system which had been meticulously planned. Drainage systems connected every house directly to the street drainage system. The construction of drains used mortar combined with lime and gypsum. The street side drainage system included covered drains built at regular intervals and access for maintenance through removable manhole bricks or stone slabs. The drainage infrastructure shows that the Harappa people possessed advanced knowledge of sanitation science. Granary of Harappan Civilization Granaries and storage facilities: Cities maintained systematically organized granaries and storage facilities for agricultural storage. The storerooms had thick walls to safeguard the preserved food from pests and they stood close to the citadel or city centre in Harappa. The Granaries brick construction measured 45 meters across both north-south and east-west dimensions. It was partly paved with baked bricks. The rooms all include three sleeper walls which have air spaces between them. A small triangular opening existed which likely functioned as an air duct channeling fresh air beneath the hollow-floor surfaces. Cities having granaries: Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Kalibangan. Water management: The Harappans successfully managed their water resources. Numerous cities contained durable wells, reservoirs, and water tanks that were purposefully located to maintain a reliable water supply for inhabitants. Examples: Water management systems included the Reservoir at Dholavira and Dholavira storm drain alongside the wells at Mohenjo-Daro. Commercial areas:  Cities had designated commercial areas which served as centers for artisans and craftsmen to perform their trade together with merchants. Specialised workshops and shops existed in these areas which demonstrated an organised economic system. Historic breadmaker shops have been discovered at Chanhudaro and Lothal. Dockyard: At Lothal stands the massive dockyard which represents the greatest maritime architectural achievement from the IVC period. Researchers found the dockyard at Lothal on the banks of the Sabarmati River. The architectural design reveals comprehensive research into tidal patterns, hydraulic principles and seawater’s impact on brick materials. Among the ancient cities of the Indus Valley

Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization)

Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) Indus Valley/Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization in South Asia existing with Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Harappan civilization was located in the largest area (around 8,00,000 sq km) out of the three civilizations. It was the art and architecture of the ancient history of India that the Harappan civilization made noteworthy contributions to the most. Nature of the Art and Architecture of the Indus Valley Civilisation Arts: During the Indus Valley civilisation, the artists showed great artistic inspiration and imagination as they included the anatomical details in which the peculiar arts were amazing. Their drawings of human and animal figures were very lifelike and, especially in terracotta art, the modeling of animal figures was very skilful. Architecture: The architecture of the Indus Valley Civilization was very interesting. The architecture of the time, was not only practical but was not made for beauty or decoration, nor was it designed for them. The development of the architecture of civilization comes into play with the lack of external influences. It has been affected by the local cultures that were present in the areas before the first farming and pastoralist settlements started. Architecture of Harappan Civilization The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning on the lines of the grid system – that is, streets and lanes cutting across one another almost at right angles, thus dividing the city into several rectangular blocks. The Pattern of Houses: Many of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization were divided into two or more parts: the citadel and the lower town.  It is believed that the citadel was a fortified settlement and comprised of some chief structures, such as the great bath and the warehouse, while the lower town consisted of houses and workshops.  Only 6 citadels have been found, showing that only priests or higher classes used to live there. The pattern of streets and roads: Indus Valley streets and roads were straight and cutting each other at a right angle. The roads were built using burnt bricks. Drainage system: The drainage system of Indus Valley civilization connected all houses to the street drains, which were covered by stone slabs or bricks. Houses with single, double, and more rooms attached with a very good drainage system were found in many of the sites of the Indus Valley. Burial sites: At burials in Harappan sites, the dead were generally laid in pits. Some graves contain pottery and ornaments, indicating a belief that these could be used in the afterlife. Jewellery has been found in burials of both men and women. In the excavations at the cemetery in Harappa in the mid-1980s, an ornament consisting of three shell rings, a jasper (a kind of semi-precious stone) bead and hundreds of microbeads was found near the skull of a male. Architecture Feature Great Bath at Mohenjo Daro The Great Bath was an incredibly large rectangle tank , located in a courtyard that was enclosed on all four sides by a passageway. There were two sets of stairs, on the north and south quadrants, which lead into the tank, and the tank was made waterproof by placing bricks all around the perimeter and using gypsum mortar. Great Granary The place called Mohenjo Daro is where one of the largest granary sites in the Indus Valley was found. Fortunate, most excavations represent the granary system or a warehouse. Almost all staple food such as rice, wheat, and barley had been stored at these places. Dockyard at Lothal Lothal was a port city of the Harappans. It covers the low deltaic zone at the Saurashtra peninsula. They supposed in times past the sea was closer to the site. This place might have been an offshoot of the main trade with contemporary West Asian societies. A dockyard has been revealed in Lothal by the researchers. Arts and Artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization During the second half of the third millennium BCE, the arts of the Indus Valley Civilisation emerged. Sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewellery, terracotta figures, and other forms of art have been discovered at various sites throughout the civilisation. Arts Sculpture Feature Stone statues Harappa and Mohenjo Daro are places where 3D stone statues are found at. There have been discovered two male statues made of stone: Red sandstone torso A bearded man’s bust made of steatite. Bronze Casting Using the ‘lost wax’ method, the bronze sculptures were created. Copper animal figures have also been created. Both human, as well as animal figures, were made out of bronze. ‘Dancing Girl’, Buffalo, and Goat.  Copper dog and bird of Lothal, as well as the bronze figure of a bull from Kalibangan, are the objects that have been found Copper Tablet/Slabs marked with a human or an animal figure on one side and a text on the other side, or text on both sides have also been excavated. Terracotta figures The terracotta representations of the human form are crude in the Indus Valley. In the Indus Valley, terracotta representations of the human form are very rough. We noted more realistic motifs were found at the Gujarat sites and Kalibangan city. A terracotta mask of a horned deity Besides the mother goddess who was also applied in the terracotta, other important terracotta motifs included the bearded males with coiled hair. Toy carts with wheels, whistles, rattles, birds and animals, gamesmen and discs – these are the toys children have fun playing. More realistic motifs were found in Gujarat sites and Kalibangan. Seals Many examples of seals were located at different places in the Harappan desert around 2500-2000 BC and were made from steatite, a mineral usually occurring in a soft stone type of soapstone. Each object could have totally different prominence and composition.Animal motifs on the seals: The seals had carvings of beautiful figures of animals, such as unicorn bulls, rhinoceros, tigers, elephants, bison, goat, and buffalo. Purpose:  The main uses of the seals were: Primarily for business uses. In addition to this, they were also dealt with as a kind of talisman: kept as identity cards in present times Most distinctive

Free Ancient History Notes for UPSC

Free Ancient History Notes for UPSC UPSC Ancient Indian History Notes will introduce to you the cultures and places of the ancient civilization of India through its colorful and rich art, architecture, literature, and religious practices. They tackle the historical links that contribute to a wholesome concept of the historical continuum and the way it is dominant today. Ancient history forms an important part of both Prelims and Mains. Inclusive Ancient History Notes for UPSC can be of great help in reaching the right answer to multiple choice questions and in writing detailed answers in Mains. Ancient History Notes for UPSC on Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilisation is the earliest known civilisation in the Indian Subcontinent. It is also called the Harappan Civilization which originated from 2500 to 1700 BCE. Of the three oldest civilizations, Indus Valley Civilization being the principal one can be seen most clearly. Indus Valley Civilization – Art and Architecture Harappan Architecture and Town Planning Mahajanapadas Ancient History Notes for UPSC – Buddhism and Jainism Buddhism and Jainism were the two religions that were developed as a response to the Vedic rituals and social norms. They were the religions that taught people to change their character and behave ethically. Moreover, these were the ones that accompanied and inspired art, architecture, and philosophy. Buddhism Spread and Decline of Buddhism in India Buddhist Centres of Learning and Pilgrimage Sites Buddhist Art and Architecture Bhakti Movements in North Indi Bhakti Movements in Other Regions of India Buddhist Art and Architecture Buddhist Literature Jainism Jain Art and Architecture Jain Literature Schools of Indian Philosophy: Orthodox and Heterodox UPSC Ancient History Notes – Southern India Cultural and maritime heritage-rich  area  in Southern ancient India emerged as a significant political and economic power arena and had experienced reigns of several powerful kingdoms such as the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas. These port cities along with the focus on trade and commerce helped in the development of the Chola Empire and other kingdoms in the region which led to the port cities of Mamallapuram and Kaveripattinam becoming vibrant and acting as the centers of cultural exchange with foreign lands.   Kingdoms, Administration, Society & Economy of the Sangam Age Gurjara-Pratiharas Bhakti Movements in South India Art, Architecture & Literature of Sangam Age Ashoka Satavahana Era Pallavas of Kanch All About Rashtrakutas Dynast All About Pala Dynasty Imperial Cholas: Art, Architecture and Literature Imperial Cholas Pallavas of Kanchi Ancient History of India – Mauryan Empire The Mauryan Empire, created by Chandragupta Maurya, can be seen as one of the most important periods in the history of India. At Pataliputra, the capital city, the empire was governed as one unit over the broad territory with the rules according to Rabindranath Tagore’s Arthashastra. Mauryan Empire: Part I Post-Mauryan Age: Northern India Post-Mauryan Kingdoms in North-Western India Mauryan Art, Architecture and Literature Administration is the Mauryan Empire Society, Economy & Religion During the Mauryan Era Post-Gupta Era NCERT Books are the pivotal sources for the learning of history. If you’re preparing for the UPSC exam to become an IAS officer, it’s a good idea to study history from these books. It is useful to jot down important points during the study process, as this will help you to recall them easily when the time comes. Nevertheless, the U.P.S.C. candidates may sometimes find it difficult to understand what to focus on; or they might not find the time or the tools to make good notes. To support the aspirants of the UPSC CSE, Modern puran guiding articles are drawn up in the way that each the aspirants should be able to understand them in a comprehensive way. These notes are taught by valuable topics of Ancient Indian History and designed for the easy understanding of subject by the aspirants. These free Study Materials are prepared to cover most of ancient India’s key history topics to the early Middle Ages. For instance, you must of course know the times of the evolution of India First and then you should explore the various aspects of history, i.e. how people lived, how things were organized, and what the role of events was for culture as well as politics. Use these notes together with the NCERT Books to go through each and everything for the UPSC exam. Table of Contents Must Reads Kissa Shiva Ka In Mahabharata November 18, 2024 Blog, god   BEST HISTORICAL WALK IN DELHI November 23, 2024 Blog, travel God Of Love – KamaDev November 23, 2024 Blog, god Who is Vishnu and Garuda? November 24, 2024 god, vaahan Who Is Devi ? November 29, 2024 Blog, goddess Indus Valley Civilization and Goddess November 29, 2024 Blog, goddess God Of Harappa Civilization November 29, 2024 Blog SEAL AND SHIVA  OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION November 29, 2024 Blog, god Who is Chand Mund ? November 30, 2024 Blog, demon, goddess Tale of Devi Mahatmya and Chanda-Munda November 30, 2024 Blog, demon, goddess TALE OF DURGA & SHUMBHA ! November 30, 2024 Blog, demon, goddess

Indian History -Free UPSC notes

INDIAN HISTORY CHRONOLOGY Indian History : Indian History is of interest to the masses including foreigners due to the culture and civilisations in this sub-continent. Indian history can be analysed by political, cultural, religious or economic axes. In terms of chronology, Indian History has three periods – Ancient India, Medieval India and Modern India. This happened with proto-humans (Homo erectus) in the Indian subcontinent 20 lakh years (2 million years) ago, and with Homo sapiens since 70,000 BC. But they were gathers/hunters. The earliest inhabitants of Indian subcontinent can be identified as tribal people such as Nagas (North-East), Santhals (East-India), Bhils (Central India), Gonds (Central India), Todas (South India) etc. The majority of them are speakers of Austric, pre-Dravidian languages, including Munda and Gondvi. Dravidians and Aryans were second-generation immigrants to the sub-continent. In ancient India, the terms Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic have different meanings – depending on the kind of stone/metal tools. Paleolithic (2 million BC – 10,000 BC) Fire Equipments constructed from limestone. Ostrich Eggs Significant Paleolithic sites: Bhimbetka (M.P), Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, Narmada Valley (Hathnora, M.P), Kaladgi Basin. Mesolithic Age (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC) Major Climatic Change happened Domestication ie The domestication of cattle began. Microliths at Brahmagiri (Mysore), Narmada, Vindya, Gujarat. Magadha kingdom – Bimbisara of Haryanka Kula Sisunga dynasty – Kalasoka (Kakavarnin) Nanda empire – Mahapadma-nanda, Dhana-nanda Persian- Greek: Alexander 327 BC Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC) Maharshis of the Mauryan Empire: Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusara, Asoka Post-Mauryan Kingdoms (Middle Kingdoms): Sunga (181-71 BC), Kanva (71-27BC), Satavahanas (235-100BC), Indo-Greeks, Parthians (19-45AD), Sakas(90BC-150AD), Kushanas(78AD) South Indian Kingdoms – Chola, Chera, Pandyas (BC 300) Gupta Kingdom (300AD – 800AD): Classical Era Key politician of Gupta Period: Samudra Gupta (Indian Napoleon) Post Guptas or Contemporary Guptas Harshvardana, Vakatakas, Pallavas, Chalukyas. Hunas, Maitrakas, Rajputs, Senas and Chauhans.   Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857) AD: 800-1200: Three-man battle (Tripartite struggle)– Prathiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas Muhammed Bin Kassim’s Attack (AD 712) Rise of Islam and Sufism Mohammed Ghazni (AD 1000-27) Mohammed Ghori (AD 1175-1206) * Kingdoms of South India in Medieval India – Bhamini and Vijayanagara Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD) During the Delhi Sultanate, the successive dynasties flourished one after another. Slave Dynasty Kilji Dynasty Tuglaq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodi Dynasty Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857) Great Mughals Later Mughals Mughals from Babar (1526) to Aurangazeb (1707), the greater of the three, were Great Mughals. The Mughals who reigned from 1707 to 1857 were Later Mughals. Arrival of Europeans Other Kingdoms of North India – Marathas, Sikhs Modern India (AD 1857 +) First Indian Independence War (1857) Initiation of Indian National Congress (1885) Formation of Muslim League (1906) Non-Co-operation Movement (1920) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Quit India Movement (1942) Partition of India (1947) Constitutional History of India (1946 – 1950) Economic Development of India Wars – India-Pak – The creation of Bangladesh; India-China. New Economic Policy of 1991 Nuclear, Space and Defense Development History Schools Orientalists – West Aiding East Culture – Out of action Cambridge School – Downplays ideology Nationalist School – To Congress and Gandhi: Hindu Nationalists for Hindutva version Marxists School – Class conflict Subaltern School – Caste conflict   OTHER STUDY MATERIAL Free Mains Study Material Online Free Prelims Study Material Online Free CSAT Study Material Online Free Ethics Study Material Online Free Geography Study Material Online Free Science Study Material Online Free Social security Study Material Online Free Ecology Study Material Online Free Disaster Management Study Material Online Free SSC Study Material Online FREE MYTHOLOGY READ-UPS Art and Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) January 19, 2025 Study Material Free Ancient History Notes for UPSC January 19, 2025 Study Material Indian History -Free UPSC notes January 18, 2025 Blog Shri Ganesh Chalisa January 16, 2025 god Shri Hanuman Baan January 16, 2025 god Shri Hanuman Chalisa January 16, 2025 god Theological Demons in Hindu Mythology January 15, 2025 demon KUMBH MELA PLACE | KUMBH MELA 2025 DATE January 14, 2025 NEWS UPDATES, travel  Prayagraj Mahakumbh 2025 Live: Akhara seat allotments January 14, 2025 NEWS UPDATES Female Naga Sadhus: Facts About Warriors of Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 January 11, 2025 travel Top 10 Must-Visit Ghats at Kumbh 2025 January 11, 2025 travel Can Vampires Truly Exist? – Exploring the Myth and Reality January 3, 2025 demon The Divine Grace of Tapati: Daughter of the Sun God December 27, 2024 Blog, goddess Zimbabwe vs Afghanistan Live Score, 2nd ODI: ZIM Opt To Field First; Follow Live Scorecard And Commentary From Harare December 19, 2024 Blog, NEWS UPDATES Astrology and Mythology are related ? December 10, 2024 Blog, god  Divine Court of Bastar December 9, 2024 Blog, god, goddess Trials at Bhangaram Devi Temple December 9, 2024 Blog, goddess Trial And Punishment of Deity December 9, 2024 Blog, god Muchukunda Gufa December 3, 2024 Blog, god, travel Legends of Dwarka December 3, 2024 Blog, god, travel Krishna And Mahabharata December 3, 2024 Blog, god, travel MAGICAL DWARKA December 3, 2024 Blog, travel Lord Krishna’s City-Dwarka December 3, 2024 Blog, god TALE OF DURGA & SHUMBHA ! November 30, 2024 Blog, demon, goddess Tale of Devi Mahatmya and Chanda-Munda November 30, 2024 Blog, demon, goddess Who is Chand Mund ? November 30, 2024 Blog, demon, goddess SEAL AND SHIVA  OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION November 29, 2024 Blog, god God Of Harappa Civilization November 29, 2024 Blog Indus Valley Civilization and Goddess November 29, 2024 Blog, goddess Who Is Devi ? November 29, 2024 Blog, goddess Who is Vishnu and Garuda? November 24, 2024 god, vaahan God Of Love – KamaDev November 23, 2024 Blog, god   BEST HISTORICAL WALK IN DELHI November 23, 2024 Blog, travel Kissa Shiva Ka In Mahabharata November 18, 2024 Blog, god Free Ancient History Notes for UPSC UPSC Ancient Indian History Notes will introduce to you the cultures and places of the ancient civilization of India through its colorful and rich art, architecture, literature, and religious practices. They tackle the historical links that contribute to a wholesome concept of

Shri Ganesh Chalisa

॥ दोहा ॥ जय गणपति सदगुण सदन,कविवर बदन कृपाल। विघ्न हरण मंगल करण,जय जय गिरिजालाल॥   ॥ चौपाई ॥ जय जय जय गणपति गणराजू।मंगल भरण करण शुभः काजू॥ जै गजबदन सदन सुखदाता।विश्व विनायका बुद्धि विधाता॥   वक्र तुण्ड शुची शुण्ड सुहावना।तिलक त्रिपुण्ड भाल मन भावन॥ राजत मणि मुक्तन उर माला।स्वर्ण मुकुट शिर नयन विशाला॥   पुस्तक पाणि कुठार त्रिशूलं।मोदक भोग सुगन्धित फूलं॥ सुन्दर पीताम्बर तन साजित।चरण पादुका मुनि मन राजित॥   धनि शिव सुवन षडानन भ्राता।गौरी लालन विश्व-विख्याता॥ ऋद्धि-सिद्धि तव चंवर सुधारे।मुषक वाहन सोहत द्वारे॥   कहौ जन्म शुभ कथा तुम्हारी।अति शुची पावन मंगलकारी॥ एक समय गिरिराज कुमारी।पुत्र हेतु तप कीन्हा भारी॥   भयो यज्ञ जब पूर्ण अनूपा।तब पहुंच्यो तुम धरी द्विज रूपा॥ अतिथि जानी के गौरी सुखारी।बहुविधि सेवा करी तुम्हारी॥   अति प्रसन्न हवै तुम वर दीन्हा।मातु पुत्र हित जो तप कीन्हा॥ मिलहि पुत्र तुहि, बुद्धि विशाला।बिना गर्भ धारण यहि काला॥   गणनायक गुण ज्ञान निधाना।पूजित प्रथम रूप भगवाना॥ अस कही अन्तर्धान रूप हवै।पालना पर बालक स्वरूप हवै॥   बनि शिशु रुदन जबहिं तुम ठाना।लखि मुख सुख नहिं गौरी समाना॥ सकल मगन, सुखमंगल गावहिं।नाभ ते सुरन, सुमन वर्षावहिं॥   शम्भु, उमा, बहुदान लुटावहिं।सुर मुनिजन, सुत देखन आवहिं॥ लखि अति आनन्द मंगल साजा।देखन भी आये शनि राजा॥   निज अवगुण गुनि शनि मन माहीं।बालक, देखन चाहत नाहीं॥ गिरिजा कछु मन भेद बढायो।उत्सव मोर, न शनि तुही भायो॥   कहत लगे शनि, मन सकुचाई।का करिहौ, शिशु मोहि दिखाई॥ नहिं विश्वास, उमा उर भयऊ।शनि सों बालक देखन कहयऊ॥   पदतहिं शनि दृग कोण प्रकाशा।बालक सिर उड़ि गयो अकाशा॥ गिरिजा गिरी विकल हवै धरणी।सो दुःख दशा गयो नहीं वरणी॥   हाहाकार मच्यौ कैलाशा।शनि कीन्हों लखि सुत को नाशा॥ तुरत गरुड़ चढ़ि विष्णु सिधायो।काटी चक्र सो गज सिर लाये॥   बालक के धड़ ऊपर धारयो।प्राण मन्त्र पढ़ि शंकर डारयो॥ नाम गणेश शम्भु तब कीन्हे।प्रथम पूज्य बुद्धि निधि, वर दीन्हे॥   बुद्धि परीक्षा जब शिव कीन्हा।पृथ्वी कर प्रदक्षिणा लीन्हा॥ चले षडानन, भरमि भुलाई।रचे बैठ तुम बुद्धि उपाई॥   चरण मातु-पितु के धर लीन्हें।तिनके सात प्रदक्षिण कीन्हें॥ धनि गणेश कही शिव हिये हरषे।नभ ते सुरन सुमन बहु बरसे॥   तुम्हरी महिमा बुद्धि बड़ाई।शेष सहसमुख सके न गाई॥ मैं मतिहीन मलीन दुखारी।करहूं कौन विधि विनय तुम्हारी॥   भजत रामसुन्दर प्रभुदासा।जग प्रयाग, ककरा, दुर्वासा॥ अब प्रभु दया दीना पर कीजै।अपनी शक्ति भक्ति कुछ दीजै॥   ॥ दोहा ॥ श्री गणेश यह चालीसा,पाठ करै कर ध्यान। नित नव मंगल गृह बसै,लहे जगत सन्मान॥   सम्बन्ध अपने सहस्र दश,ऋषि पंचमी दिनेश। पूरण चालीसा भयो,मंगल मूर्ती गणेश॥ Lord Ganesha is one of the most popular Hindu gods; he is known to be the dispeler of obstacles, the god of knowledge, and the patron of arts and education. He can easily be identified by his elephant head, a symbol deeply embedded in Hindu mythology. Ganesha was, as per Hindu myths, the son of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. His birth is steeped in many interesting myths, including the one that Parvati sculpted him out of clay to protect her when she was bathing, thus resulting in the famous legend that Ganesha’s head was replaced by that of an elephant following an unfortunate encounter with Lord Shiva. Lord Ganesha is said to have the power to dissolve barriers (Vighnaharta) in Hindu mythological stories and he is therefore one of the most sought-after gods for blessing before embarking on a new venture. That trait is why Ganesha is commonly invoked at the start of new works, prayers and rituals. His status as the clearing-shining god echoes his association with cosmic equilibrium and cosmic harmony in Hindu mythology. Users believe that they can get through obstacles by appealing to Ganesha and live a happy, successful life. Another central aspect of Lord Ganesha in Hindu mythology is his relationship with wisdom and intelligence. He is regarded as the patron of intellectuals, authors and students. Many texts of Hindu mythology describe Ganesha as writing the epic Mahabharata with his own tusk – thereby expressing the divine channel of knowledge and wisdom. This gesture speaks to his sheer intelligence and knowledge of the cosmos. He is a guru of knowledge and wisdom, making him an archetype of Hindu mythology, particularly in terms of learning and learning. As a symbol of Hindu mythology tales, Lord Ganesha’s visage is full of meaning. His elephant head symbolises knowledge, while his huge ears indicate that he hears the prayers of his devotees. The trunk represents flexibility and how to deal with life’s ups and downs, while the mouse, his motor vehicle, embodies humility and overcoming ego. Each of these, embedded in Hindu mythology, portrays Lord Ganesha as the symbol of spiritual qualities that contribute to spiritual prosperity. In Hindu God mythology, Ganesha is not only personal but also a unifying entity. His legends and the rites surrounding him cross continents and societies, making him a deity worshipped by billions of people. Ganesh Chaturthi – the annual holiday that celebrates his birth – is one way in which Lord Ganesha’s presence in Hindu mythology gathers people in joyful fervour, worship and prayer. His longevity reflects his significance to Hinduism’s spiritual and cultural identity. Seek blessing of lord hanuman and get rid of negative aura!